Main Causes of The Great Depression :: history

Main Causes of The Great DepressionThe Great Depression was the worst economic slump eer in U.S. history, and genius which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors played a determination in convey about the depression however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distri thoion of wealth throughout the 1920s, and the spacious stock merchandise speculation that took place during the latter part that same decade. The mal diffusion of wealth in the 1920s existed on many levels. Money was distributed disparately mingled with the rich and the middle-class, between industry and gardening within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920s kept the stock marketplace artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market cras hes, combined with the maldistribution of wealth, caused the American economy to capsize. The roaring twenties was an era when our country prospered tremendously. The nations sum total realized income move from $74.3 billion in 1923 to $89 billion in 1929(end note 1). However, the rewards of the Coolidge Prosperity of the 1920s were not shared evenly among all Americans. According to a study through by the Brookings Institute, in 1929 the top 0.1% of Americans had a combined income equal to the bottom 42%(end note 2). That same top 0.1% of Americans in 1929 controlled 34% of all savings, term 80% of Americans had no savings at all(end note 3). Automotive industry mogul Henry Ford provides a striking font of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a individualised income of $14 million(end note 4) in the same division that the average personal income was $750(end note 5). By present day standards, where the average twelvemo nthly income in the U.S. is around $18,500(end note 6), Mr. Ford would be earning over $345 million a year This maldistribution of income between the rich and the middle class grew throughout the 1920s. While the disposable income per capita rose 9% from 1920 to 1929, those with income within the top 1% enjoyed a stupendous 75% increase in per capita disposable income(end note 7). A major reason for this large and growing gap between the rich and the blue-collar people was the increase manufacturing output throughout this period.Main Causes of The Great Depression historyMain Causes of The Great DepressionThe Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth t hroughout the 1920s, and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part that same decade. The maldistribution of wealth in the 1920s existed on many levels. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920s kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market crashes, combined with the maldistribution of wealth, caused the American economy to capsize. The roaring twenties was an era when our country prospered tremendously. The nations total realized income rose from $74.3 billion in 1923 to $89 billion in 1929(end note 1). However, the rewards of the Coolidge Prosperity of the 1920s were not shared evenly among all Americans. According to a study done by the Brookings Institute, in 1929 the top 0.1 % of Americans had a combined income equal to the bottom 42%(end note 2). That same top 0.1% of Americans in 1929 controlled 34% of all savings, while 80% of Americans had no savings at all(end note 3). Automotive industry mogul Henry Ford provides a striking example of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a personal income of $14 million(end note 4) in the same year that the average personal income was $750(end note 5). By present day standards, where the average yearly income in the U.S. is around $18,500(end note 6), Mr. Ford would be earning over $345 million a year This maldistribution of income between the rich and the middle class grew throughout the 1920s. While the disposable income per capita rose 9% from 1920 to 1929, those with income within the top 1% enjoyed a stupendous 75% increase in per capita disposable income(end note 7). A major reason for this large and growing gap between the rich and the working-class p eople was the increased manufacturing output throughout this period.

Reforming Australian Legal Education to match Canadian Essay -- Austra

Legal Education in AustraliaOn January 25, 2005 one of Canadas most respected virtue crops, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University (Osgoode), proclaimed the launch of its new LL.B./JD programme with New York University Law School (NYU). The program provides an opportunity for students to earn both a Canadian LL.B. and a U.S. (ABA - American ostracize Association approved) JD degree in four years. An LL.B. is a three-year Canadian law degree. A JD is a three-year U.S. law degree. A JD that is ABA approved allows U.S. law graduates to take the taproom exam in any U.S. state. The program has been structured so that students will do two back-to-back years at Osgoode and two back-to-back years at New York University Law School. Students will receive both the LL.B. and JD degrees at the end of the fourth year. It is necessary to note that Osgoode Hall is not the only school to enjoin with an American university. Both Windsor and Ottawa down already established bilateral degree a rrangements with U.S. law schools. Windsor has partnered with the University of Detroit whereas Ottawa has partnered with both Michigan State University as well as American University in Washington. Effectively, therefore, three of Canadas seventeen law schools now have agreements with U.S. law schools allowing students to graduate with both Canadian and U.S. law degrees. In addition, McGill University in Montreal awards students both civil and common law degrees in three years. Commentators have suggested that it is only a matter of time before separate Canadian schools will seek to establish similar programmes.2Like Australia, common law Canada has historically conferred the law qualification in the form of a Bachelor of Laws or LL.B. However, in recent times ... ...donesia. She is a former shop assistant and beauty student from Queensland. She was sentenced on May 27, 2005 and is currently fortune her sentence in Kerobokan Prison, Indonesia. Despite the conviction, Corby mainta ins that the drugs were planted in her bag, and that she did not know about them. Her trial and conviction were a major focus of attention for the Australian media.2 The Bali Nine is the name given to nine Australian citizens arrested on 17 April 2005 in Denpasar on the island of Bali, Indonesia, in a plan to smuggle 8.3kg of heroin valued at approximately $4 million from Indonesia to Australia. Andrew Chan, Si Yi Chen, Michael Czugaj, Renae Lawrence, Tac Duc Thanh Nguyen, Matthew Norman, Scott Rush, Martin Stephens and Myuran Sukumaran, all aged between 18 and 28 at the time of their arrests, were convicted. Several have been handed the death penalty.

Disparities in Health of Children :: Teaching Education

Disparities in Health of Children Abstract There has been much research that verifies the existence of health disparities among distinguishable socioeconomic groups and different racial and ethnic groups. I will take a look at this research to determine why these disparities exist and how these effect the study among those who incur it. When we consider the education of our children in the United States, we must consider their health as a significant issue as it can positively or negatively impact a students education. It has generally been acknowledged that there is a great disparity in our country in the athletic field of health c atomic number 18. firm People2010, a published report put out by the Health and Human Services Division of the Unites States Government (2000) has included as part of its Goals for 2010, to eliminate health disparities among different segments of the population. According to this report, health differences occur depending on a persons gender, race or ethnicity, education or income, disability, rural locality, or sexual orientation. In this paper, I will mostly concentrate on racial and ethnic differences as well as socioeconomic differences. According to the Healthy People 2010 report, biological and transmitted differences do not explain the health disparities experienced by non-White populations in the United States. Besides complex interaction among genetic variations, environmental factors, and specific health behaviors, Health and Human Services says, inequalities in income and education underlie many health disparities in the United States. Also, population groups that erect the worst health status are also those that have the highest poverty rates and least education. Health, United States (1998) reported that each increase of income or education increased the likelihood of being in good health. According to this report, those with less education tend to die younger than those with much education for all maj or causes of death including chronic diseases, communicable diseases and injuries. There are several factors that account for differences between socioeconomic and racial and ethnic groups. These factors include a lower sedentary life style, cigarette smoking and less likely to have health insurance coverage or receive preventive care among these groups. Those who live more sedentary life styles are at risk for heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure, all things that effect lower-socioeconomic groups more often than those in higher income brackets. Those who are less educated are also twice as likely to smoke cigarettes as the most educated.

Praise of Chain Stores by Virginia Postrel Essay example -- wal-mart, e

So whats wrong if the country has 158 neighborhood California Pizza Kitchens instead of one or twain? Virginia Postrel inquires in her In Praise of Chain Stores essay (Postrel 348). In rebuttal, I plan to answer her question with more reasons than one. However, the responses I intend to offer defend not only to the CPKs of America, but for all the matter retailers, big box stores, chain stores, and the like. National retailers destroy the local character of small towns. Chain stores should be limited to only run in a few highly populated urban areas. Furthermore, the costs saved in the convenience and familiarity of chain stores do not outweigh the negative economic impact and damaging effects that they can have on a clubs well-being.Postrel develops her support of national retailers throughout the essay, offering the opinion that it isnt the stores that give places their character, but instead, aspects like the terrain, weather and culture that do (Postrel 347). While terrain, w eather and culture can cast apart regions, such as New England from The Deep South, and Southern California from the Midwest, its the community that gives each town their own special character. A community consists of the residents, their restaurants, hardware stores, pharmacies, ice cream parlors, farmers markets, and so on. These places, and the interactions that occur daily at each establishment, are the fabric that differentiate them, and create the breeding ground for respective(a) characteristics to flourish. While Postrel argues that wildly different business establishments across America in the past is a myth , its actually not necessarily that the products that vary from store to store, but more the aforementioned factors that truly set ... ...he metre of a certain retailers establishments constructed within a certain amount of mileage. For example, a Wal-Mart on the north side of town and the south side of town is excessive.There is no question that chain stores have a negative effect on the measurable character and community of small towns. Not only are residents effected economically and collectively, but the character of the area is alike threatened or compromised. In conclusion, we should all take a step back and see how we can give back to our community by train the playing field for local businesses. The first step in doing so is to realize the negative influences chain stores impose on small towns. Works CitedPostrel, Virginia. In Praise of Chain Stores.Model Essays A Portable Anthology. Eds. Jane E. Aaron and Ellen Kuhl Repetto. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2013. 345-49

Frankenstein, the Novel :: essays research papers fc

How does information about early cognitivedevelopment tinge to violence the creatures commits?Human cognition is the study of how people think and understand. As part of growing up, there are four stages called the cognitive developmental stages that an psyche goes through. From the sensory motor stage to the formal operational stage, human beings learn to interpret their surroundings of everyday life experiences. However, in the case of the Creature in the novel, Frankenstein, he was never developed in a cognitive way, and therefore, the creature was passively torn by opposing forces of human beings in his surrounding environments. Overall, cognitive development and the relation between the Creatures turn towards violence is a result of neglect, psychological indifferences, and lack of socialization skills. There are a variety of perspectives and emphases within cognitive psychology of human beings. Psychological indifferences of the Creature creates conflicts within himself and his surroundings. If an individual has a different view of life, the resulting factor may be psychologically challenging. This Creature was brought to life with grotesque looks and an abnormal brain. He did not know any concepts to the environment surrounding him, and therefore, was a child in an self-aggrandisings body. According to Jean Piaget, when the Creature was first brought to life, he is in the sensory motor stage of human development. This is the level at which individuals experience the domain only through their senses (Macionis 65). Since the Creature was never taught right from wrong, he thought that whatever he was doing was the right concept. It is obvious that we do not commit acts of writ of execution however, in the Creatures world of his own, he thought an act of murder was entertainment and dramatizing when he first comes into contact with a little girl. For example, when the little girl comes and asks the Creature to play with her, he ends up throwing her in to the lake, drowning her because she can not swim (Frankenstein). If this Creature was psychologically taught that he is larger than other humans and demand to be cautious with how he handles situations, such circumstances might be prevented. In a movie version titled, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, the Creature and his creator, maestro Frankenstein are in a cave and they are both arguing with each other about the events that has happened with the murdering of Victors relatives. The Creature responds to Victors statements with, You gave me these emotions, but you did not tell me how to use them (Mary Shelleys Frankenstein).

Comparing and Contrasting Euclidean, Spherical, and Hyperbolic Geometri

When it comes to Euclidean Geometry, Spherical Geometry and Hyperbolic Geometry there be more similarities and differences among them. For example, what may be true for Euclidean Geometry may not be true for Spherical or Hyperbolic Geometry. Many instances exist where something is true for virtuoso or two geometries but not the other geometry. However, sometimes a property is true for all 3 geometries. These points bring us to the purpose of this composition. This paper is an opportunity for me to demonstrate my growing understanding about Euclidean Geometry, Spherical Geometry, and Hyperbolic Geometry.The first issue that I will focus on is the definition of a bang-up line on all of these surfaces. For a Euclidean plane the definition of a continuous line is a line that stub be traced by a point that travels at a constant direction. When I say constant direction I mean that any region of this line can move along the rest of this line without leaving it. In other words, a str aight line is a line with postal code curvature or zero deviation. Zero curvature can be determined by using the following symmetries. These symmetries include reflection-in-the-line symmetry, reflection-perpendicular-to-the-line symmetry, half-turn symmetry, rigid-motion-along-itself symmetry, central symmetry or point symmetry, and similarity or self-similarity quasi symmetry. So, if a line on a Euclidean plane satisfies all of the above conditions we can say it is a straight line. I have included my homework assignment of my definition of a straight line for a Euclidean plane so that genius can influence why I have stated this to be my definition. My definition for a straight line on a study is truly similar to that on a Euclidean Plane with a few minor adjustments. My definition of a straight line on a sphere is iodine that satisfies the following Symmetries. These symmetries include reflection-through-itself symmetry, reflection-perpendicular-to-itself symmetry, half-turn s ymmetry, rigid-motion-along-itself symmetry, and central symmetry. If we find that a line on a sphere satisfies all of the above condition, then that line is straight on a sphere. I have included my homework assignment for straightness on a sphere so that one can see why a straight line on a sphere must satisfy these conditions. Finally, I need to give my definition of a straight line on a hyperbolic... ...h other along a third line, l. Then to consider the geometric figure that is formed by the three lines and smack for the symmetries of that geometric figure. Then we were asked what we could say about the lines r and r. I have provided my notes that include an outline to this proof for all three surfaces so that one can see the conclusions that we made as a class. We found that on a Euclidean plane parallel transported lines do not intersect and are equidistant. For a hyperbolic plane we found that parallel transported lines diverge in both directions. Finally for a sphere we fo und that parallel transported lines always intersect. development all the above material, we can see that there are many different similarities and differences when looking at a Euclidean Geometry, Spherical Geometry, and Hyperbolic Geometry. apply my artifacts will help one understand many of my conclusions about these three surfaces. This essay was an excellent opportunity to reflect on my growing understanding of these three surfaces. I hope you, the reader, can benefit from my conclusions and gain a better understanding of the similarities and differences of these three surfaces.

Keynesian Economics

Keynesian economics is the view that in the misfortunate run, especially during recessions, economic end product is strongly influenced by core of coin demand . In the Keynesian view, aggregate demand does not necessarily equal the productive capacity of the parsimony instead, it is influenced by a host of factors and roughlytimes behaves erratically, affecting reckon, employment, and pretension The theories forming the basis of Keynesian economics were first presented by the British economist potty Maynard Keynes in his book, The General possibleness of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936, during the capacious Depression.Keynes contrasted his approach to the aggregate supply-focused Greco-Roman economics that preceded his book. The interpretations of Keynes that followed argon contentious and several shoals of economic thought claim his legacy. Keynesian economists a good deal argue that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroecon omic outcomes which require brisk insurance rejoinders by the popular sector, in particular, monetary insurance actions by the central bank and monetary polity actions by the regime, in order to stabilize output over the business cycle.Keynesian economics advocates a composite economy predominantly private sector, unless with a role for government intervention during recessions. Keynesian economics served as the standard economic fashion model in the developed nations during the later part of the Great Depression, World War II, and the post-war economic expansion (19451973), though it lost some influence following the oil box and resulting stagflation of the 1970s. The advent of the global financial crisis in 2008 has caused a resurgence in Keynesian thought. OverviewPrior to the publication of Keyness General Theory, mainstream economic thought was that the economy existed in a give tongue to of planetary equilibrium, meaning that the economy naturally consumes whateve r it produces because the needs of consumers are always greater than the capacity of the economy to satisfy those needs. This perception is reflected in Says Law and in the writing of David Ricardo which is that individuals produce so that they derriere either consume what they have manufactured or sell their output so that they can buy someone elses output.This perception rests upon the assumption that if a surplus of goods or services exists, they would naturally drop in price to the point where they would be consumed. Keyness conjecture was significant because it over wrenched the mainstream thought of the time and brought about a greater awareness that problems such as unemployment are not a product of laziness, but the result of a structural inadequacy in the economic system. He argued that because at that place was no guarantee that the goods that individuals produce would be met with demand, unemployment was a natural consequence.He truism the economy as unable to maintai n itself at full employment and intendd that it was necessary for the government to step in and put under-utilised savings to work through and through government consumption. Thus, according to Keynesian opening, some individually rational microeconomic-level actions such as not investing savings in the goods and services produced by the economy, if taken collectively by a large proportion of individuals and firms, can lead to outcomes wherein the economy ope evaluate below its potential output and growth rate.Prior to Keynes, a situation in which aggregate demand for goods and services did not meet supply was referred to by classical economists as a general glut, although there was disagreement among them as to whether a general glut was possible. Keynes argued that when a glut occurred, it was the over-reaction of producers and the laying off of workers that led to a fall in demand and perpetuated the problem. Keynesians therefore advocate an active stabilization policy to re duce the amplitude of the business cycle, which they rank among the most serious of economic problems.According to the theory, government disbursement can be used to summation aggregate demand, thus increasing economic activity, reducing unemployment and deflation. Theory Keynes argued that the solution to the Great Depression was to throw off the economy (inducement to invest) through some conclave of deuce approaches 1. A reduction in engross rates (monetary policy), and 2. Government investment funds in root (fiscal policy). By reducing the interest rate at which the central bank lends bullion to commercial banks, the government sends a signal to commercial banks that they should do the same for their customers.Investment by government in infrastructure injects income into the economy by creating business opportunity, employment and demand and reversing the effects of the aforementioned imbalance. Governments source the funding for this expenditure by borrowing specie fr om the economy through the let go of of government bonds, and because government spending exceeds the amount of value income that the government receives, this creates a fiscal dearth. A central conclusion of Keynesian economics is that, in some situations, no strong automatic mechanism moves output and employment towards full employment levels.This conclusion conflicts with economic approaches that assume a strong general aim towards equilibrium. In the classic synthetic thinking, which combines Keynesian macro concepts with a micro foundation, the conditions of general equilibrium allow for price adjustment to eventually achieve this goal. More broadly, Keynes axiom his theory as a general theory, in which utilization of resources could be high or low, whereas previous economics focused on the particular solecism of full utilization.The new classical macroeconomics movement, which began in the late 1960s and archeozoic 1970s, criticized Keynesian theories, while New Keynes ian economics has sought to base Keyness ideas on more rigorous theoretical foundations. Some interpretations of Keynes have emphasised his stress on the international coordination of Keynesian policies, the need for international economic institutions, and the ways in which economic forces could lead to war or could promote peace. Concept Wages and spending During the Great Depression, the classical theory attributed mass unemployment to high and rigid legitimate wages.To Keynes, the determination of wages is more complicated. First, he argued that it is not real but nominal wages that are set in negotiations between employers and workers, as oppose to a barter relationship. Second, nominal wage cuts would be difficult to put into effect because of laws and wage contracts. Even classical economists admitted that these exist unlike Keynes, they advocated abolishing minimum wages, unions, and long contracts, increasing labour market flexibility. However, to Keynes, slew will res ist nominal wage reductions, even without unions, until they see other wages travel and a general fall of prices.Keynes rejected the idea that nifty wages would cure recessions. He examined the explanations for this idea and found them all faulty. He also considered the most likely consequences of solecism wages in recessions, under various several(predicate) circumstances. He concluded that such wage cutting would be more likely to make recessions worse rather than better. Further, if wages and prices were go, people would start to expect them to fall. This could make the economy spiral downward as those who had money would simply wait as falling prices made it more valuable rather than spending.As Irving Fisher argued in 1933, in his Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions, deflation (falling prices) can make a depression deeper as falling prices and wages made pre-existing nominal debts more valuable in real terms. Excessive saving To Keynes, exuberant saving, i. e. sa ving beyond think investment, was a serious problem, encouraging recession or even depression. Excessive saving results if investment falls, perhaps due to falling consumer demand, over-investment in earlier years, or bearish business expectations, and if saving does not immediately fall in step, the economy would decline.The classical economists argued that interest rates would fall due to the excess supply of loanable funds. The first diagram, adapted from the only graph in The General Theory, shows this butt on. (For simplicity, other sources of the demand for or supply of funds are ignored here. ) Assume that indomitable investment in capital goods falls from hoary I to new I (step a). Second (step b), the resulting excess of saving causes interest-rate cuts, abolishing the excess supply so over again we have saving (S) equal to investment. The interest-rate (i) fall prevents that of production and employment.Keynes had a complex argument against this laissez-faire answer . The graph below summarizes his argument, assuming again that fixed investment falls (step A). First, saving does not fall much as interest rates fall, since the income and substitution effectsof falling rates go in conflicting directions. Second, since planned fixed investment in plant and equipment is based mostly on long-term expectations of future dineroability, that spending does not rise much as interest rates fall. So S and I are drawn as steep (inelastic) in the graph.Given the inelasticity of both demand and supply, a large interest-rate fall is inevitable to close the saving/investment gap. As drawn, this requires a negative interest rate at equilibrium (where the new I line would intersect the old S line). However, this negative interest rate is not necessary to Keyness argument. Third, Keynes argued that saving and investment are not the main determinants of interest rates, especially in the short run. Instead, the supply of and the demand for the stock of money deter mine interest rates in the short run. (This is not drawn in the graph.)Neither changes quickly in response to excessive saving to allow fast interest-rate adjustment. Finally, Keynes suggested that, because of fear of capital losses on assets besides money, there may be a liquidity confine setting a floor under which interest rates cannot fall. While in this trap, interest rates are so low that any increase in money supply will cause bond-holders (fearing rises in interest rates and hence capital losses on their bonds) to sell their bonds to attain money (liquidity). In the diagram, the equilibrium suggested by the new I line and the old S line cannot be reached, so that excess saving persists.Some (such as capital of Minnesota Krugman) see this latter kind of liquidity trap as prevailing in Japan in the 1990s. Most economists agree that nominal interest rates cannot fall below zero. However, some economists (particularly those from the Chicago school) reject the existence of a liq uidity trap. Even if the liquidity trap does not exist, there is a fourth part (perhaps most important) element to Keyness critique. Saving involves not spending all of ones income. Thus, it means insufficient demand for business output, unless it is balanced by other sources of demand, such as fixed investment.Therefore, excessive saving corresponds to an unwanted accumulation of inventories, or what classical economists called a general glut. This pile-up of unsold goods and materials encourages businesses to decrease both production and employment. This in turn lowers peoples incomes and saving, causing a leftward conjure up in the S line in the diagram (step B). For Keynes, the fall in income did most of the job by ending excessive saving and allowing the loanable funds market to attain equilibrium. Instead of interest-rate adjustment solving the problem, a recession does so.Thus in the diagram, the interest-rate change is small. Whereas the classical economists assumed that the level of output and income was constant and given at any one time (except for short-lived deviations), Keynes saw this as the key variable that adjusted to equate saving and investment. Finally, a recession undermines the business incentive to engage in fixed investment. With falling incomes and demand for products, the desired demand for factories and equipment (not to mention housing) will fall. This accelerator effect would shift the I line to the left again, a change not shown in the diagram above.This recreates the problem of excessive saving and encourages the recession to continue. In sum, to Keynes there is interaction between excess supplies in different markets, as unemployment in labour markets encourages excessive saving and vice-versa. Rather than prices adjusting to attain equilibrium, the main story is one of sum of money adjustment allowing recessions and possible attainment of underemployment equilibrium. Active fiscal policy unmixed economists have traditi onally yearned for balanced government budgets.Keynesians, on the other hand, believe this would infuriate the fundamental problem following either the expansionary policy or the contractionary policy would raise saving (broadly defined) and thus lower the demand for both products and labour. For example, Keynesians would advise tax cuts instead. 10 Keyness ideas influenced Franklin D. Roosevelts view that insufficient buying-power caused the Depression. During his presidency, Roosevelt adopted some aspects of Keynesian economics, especially after 1937, when, in the depths of the Depression, the United States suffered from recession yet again following fiscal contraction.But to many the true success of Keynesian policy can be seen at the onset of World War II, which provided a kick to the world economy, removed uncertainty, and labored the rebuilding of destroyed capital. Keynesian ideas became almost official in social-democratic Europe after the war and in the U. S. in the 1960s . Keynes developed a theory which suggested that active government policy could be effective in managing the economy.Rather than seeing unbalanced government budgets as wrong, Keynes advocated what has been called countercyclical fiscal policies, that is, policies that acted against the tide of the business cycle deficit spending when a nations economy suffers from recessionor when recovery is long-delayed and unemployment is persistently high and the suppression of inflation in dash times by either increasing taxes or cutting back on government outlays. He argued that governments should solve problems in the short run rather than waiting for market forces to do it in the long run, because, in the long run, we are all dead.This contrasted with the classical and neoclassical economic analysis of fiscal policy. Fiscal stimulus could actuate production. But, to these schools, there was no reason to believe that this stimulation would outrun the side-effects that crowd out private inv estment first, it would increase the demand for labour and raise wages, hurting profitability Second, a government deficit increases the stock of government bonds, reducing their market price and encouraging high interest rates, making it more expensive for business to finance fixed investment.Thus, efforts to stimulate the economy would be self-defeating. The Keynesian response is that such fiscal policy is appropriate only when unemployment is persistently high, above the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU). In that case, herd out is minimal. Further, private investment can be crowded in Fiscal stimulus raises the market for business output, raising cash flow and profitability, goad business optimism. To Keynes, this accelerator effect meant that government and business could be complements rather than substitutes in this situation.Second, as the stimulus occurs, gross domestic product rises, raising the amount of saving, helping to finance the increase in fix ed investment. Finally, government outlays need not always be wasteful government investment in public goods that will not be provided by profit-seekers will encourage the private sectors growth. That is, government spending on such things as basic research, public health, education, and infrastructure could help the long-term growth of potential output. In Keyness theory, there must be significant slack in the labour market before fiscal expansion is justified.Contrary to some critical characterizations of it, Keynesianism does not consist solely of deficit spending. Keynesianism recommends counter-cyclical policies. An example of a counter-cyclical policy is raising taxes to cool the economy and to prevent inflation when there is abundant demand-side growth, and engaging in deficit spending on labour-intensive infrastructure projects to stimulate employment and stabilize wages during economic downturns. Classical economics, on the other hand, argues that one should cut taxes when there are budget surpluses, and cut spending or, less likely, increase taxes during economic downturns.Keynesian economists believe that adding to profits and incomes during boom cycles through tax cuts, and removing income and profits from the economy through cuts in spending during downturns, tends to exacerbate the negative effects of the business cycle. This effect is especially pronounced when the government controls a large fraction of the economy, as increased tax revenue may aid investment in state enterprises in downturns, and decreased state revenue and investment harm those enterprises. Multiplier effect and interest rates Main article Spending multiplier factorTwo aspects of Keyness model has implications for policy First, there is the Keynesian multiplier, first developed by Richard F. Kahn in 1931. Exogenous increases in spending, such as an increase in government outlays, increases total spending by a multiple of that increase. A government could stimulate a grea t deal of new production with a modest outlay if 1. The people who receive this money then spend most on consumption goods and save the rest. 2. This extra spending allows businesses to hire more people and pay them, which in turn allows a further increase in consumer spending.This process continues. At each step, the increase in spending is smaller than in the previous step, so that the multiplier process tapers off and allows the attainment of an equilibrium. This story is modified and moderated if we move beyond a closed economy and bring in the role of taxation The rise in imports and tax payments at each step reduces the amount of induced consumer spending and the size of the multiplier effect. Second, Keynes re-analyzed the effect of the interest rate on investment. In the classical model, the supply of funds (saving) determines the amount of fixed business investment.That is, under the classical model, since all savings are placed in banks, and all business investors in need of borrowed funds go to banks, the amount of savings determines the amount that is available to invest. Under Keyness model, the amount of investment is determined independently by long-term profit expectations and, to a lesser extent, the interest rate. The latter opens the possibility of regulating the economy through money supply changes, via monetary policy. Under conditions such as the Great Depression, Keynes argued that this approach would be relatively ineffective compared to fiscal policy.But, during more normal times, monetary expansion can stimulate the economy. IS/LM model The IS/LM model is n primeval as influential as Keyness original analysis in determining actual policy and economics education. It relates aggregate demand and employment to threesome exogenousquantities, i. e. , the amount of money in circulation, the government budget, and the state of business expectations. This model was very popular with economists after World War II because it could be dumb in terms of general equilibrium theory. This encouraged a much more static vision of macroeconomics than that described above.History Precursors Keyness work was part of a long-running flip over within economics over the existence and nature of general gluts. While a number of the policies Keynes advocated (the notable one being government deficit spending at times of low private investment or consumption) and the theoretical ideas he proposed (effective demand, the multiplier, the paradox of thrift) were advanced by various authors in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Keyness unique contribution was to provide a general theory of these, which proved acceptable to the political and economic establishments. naturalizes See also Underconsumption, Birmingham School (economics), and capital of Sweden school (economics) An intellectual precursor of Keynesian economics was underconsumption theory in classical economics, dating from such 19th-century economists as Thomas Malthus, the Birmin gham Schoolof Thomas Attwood, and the American economists William Trufant treasure and Waddill Catchings, who were influential in the 1920s and 1930s.Underconsumptionists were, like Keynes after them, matched with calamity of aggregate demand to attain potential output, calling this under consumption (focusing on the demand side), rather than overproduction (which would focus on the supply side), and advocating economic interventionism. Keynes specifically discussed under consumption (which he wrote under-consumption) in the General Theory, in Chapter 22, surgical incision IV and Chapter 23, Section VII.Numerous concepts were developed earlier and independently of Keynes by the capital of Sweden school during the 1930s these accomplishments were described in a 1937 article, published in response to the 1936 General Theory, sharing the Swedish discoveries. Concepts The multiplier dates to work in the 1890s by the Australian economist Alfred De Lissa, the Danish economist Julius Wu lff, and the German American economist Nicholas Johannsen,15 the latter being cited in a footnote of Keynes. 16 Nicholas Johannsen also proposed a theory of effective demand in the 1890s. The paradox of thrift was stated in 1892 by John M.Robertson in his The Fallacy of Savings, in earlier forms by mercantilist economists since the 16th century, and similar sentiments date to antiquity. 1718 Today these ideas, regardless of provenance, are referred to in academia under the rubric of Keynesian economics, due to Keyness role in consolidating, elaborating, and popularizing them. Keynes and the classicists Keynes sought to distinguish his theories from and oppose them to classical economics, by which he meant the economic theories of David Ricardo and his followers, including John Stuart Mill,Alfred Marshall, Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, and Arthur Cecil Pigou.A central tenet of the classical view, known as Says law, states that supply creates its own demand. Says Law can be interpreted in two ways. First, the claim that the total value of output is equal to the sum of income earned in production is a result of a national income accounting identity, and is therefore indisputable. A heartbeat and stronger claim, however, that the costs of output are always covered in the aggregate by the sale-proceeds resulting from demand depends on how consumption and saving are linked to production and investment.In particular, Keynes argued that the second, strong form of Says Law only holds if increases in individual savings exactly match an increase in aggregate investment. Keynes sought to develop a theory that would explain determinants of saving, consumption, investment and production. In that theory, the interaction of aggregate demand and aggregate supply determines the level of output and employment in the economy. Because of what he considered the failure of the Classical Theory in the 1930s, Keynes firmly objects to its main theory adjustments in prices would automat ically make demand tend to the full employment level.Neo-classical theory supports that the two main costs that shift demand and supply are labour and money. Through the distribution of the monetary policy, demand and supply can be adjusted. If there were more labour than demand for it, wages would fall until hiring began again. If there were too much saving, and not enough consumption, then interest rates would fall until people either cut their savings rate or started borrowing. Postwar KeynesianismMain articles Neo-Keynesian economics, New Keynesian economics, and Post-Keynesian economics Keyness ideas became widely accepted after World War II, and until the early 1970s, Keynesian economics provided the main inspiration for economic policy makers in Western industrialized countries. Governments prepared high quality economic statistics on an ongoing basis and tried to base their policies on the Keynesian theory that had become the norm. In the early era of new liberalism and soci al democracy, most western capitalistic countries enjoyed low, stable unemployment and modest inflation, an era called the Golden Age of Capitalism.In terms of policy, the twin tools of post-war Keynesian economics were fiscal policy and monetary policy. While these are ascribe to Keynes, others, such as economic historian David Colander, argue that they are, rather, due to the interpretation of Keynes by Abba Lerner in his theory of Functional Finance, and should instead be called Lernerian rather than Keynesian. Through the mid-fifties, moderate degrees of government demand leading industrial development, and use of fiscal and monetary counter-cyclical policies continued, and reached a peak in the go go 1960s, where it seemed to many Keynesians that prosperity was now permanent.In 1971, Republican US President Richard Nixon even proclaimed I am now a Keynesian in economics. However, with the oil daze of 1973, and the economic problems of the 1970s, modern liberal economics bega n to fall out of favor. During this time, many economies experienced high and rising unemployment, coupled with high and rising inflation, contradicting the Phillips curves prediction. This stagflation meant that the simultaneous application of expansionary (anti-recession) and contractionary(anti-inflation) policies appeared to be necessary. This dilemma led to the end of the Keynesian near-consensus of the 1960s, and the rise throughout the 1970s of ideas based upon more classical analysis, including monetarism, supply-side economics, and new classical economics. At the same time, Keynesians began during the period to reorganize their thinking (some becoming associated with New Keynesian economics).One strategy, utilized also as a critique of the notably high unemployment and potentially disappoint GNP growth rates associated with the latter two theories by the mid-1980s, was to emphasize low unemployment and maximal economic growth at the cost of somewhat higher(prenominal) inf lation (its consequences kept in check by indexing and other methods, and its overall rate kept lower and steadier by such potential policies as Martin Weitzmans share economy). 22 Multiple schools of economic thought that trace their legacy to Keynes currently exist, the notable ones being Neo-Keynesian economics, New Keynesian economics, and Post-Keynesian economics.Keyness biographer Robert Skidelsky writes that the post-Keynesian school has remained closest to the spirit of Keyness work in following his monetary theory and rejecting the neutrality of money. In the postwar era, Keynesian analysis was combined with neoclassical economics to produce what is generally termed the neoclassical synthesis, yielding Neo-Keynesian economics, which dominated mainstream macroeconomic thought. Though it was widely held that there was no strong automatic tendency to full employment, many believed that if government policy were used to ensure it, the economy would behave as neoclassical theory predicted.This post-war domination by Neo-Keynesian economics was broken during the stagflation of the 1970s. There was a lack of consensus among macroeconomists in the 1980s. However, the advent of New Keynesian economics in the 1990s, modified and provided microeconomic foundations for the neo-Keynesian theories. These modified models now dominate mainstream economics. Post-Keynesian economists, on the other hand, reject the neoclassical synthesis and, in general, neoclassical economics applied to the macroeconomy.Post-Keynesian economics is aheterodox school that holds that both Neo-Keynesian economics and New Keynesian economics are incorrect, and a misinterpretation of Keyness ideas. The Post-Keynesian school encompasses a variety of perspectives, but has been far less influential than the other more mainstream Keynesian schools. Relationship to other schools of economics The Keynesian schools of economics are situated alongside a number of other schools that have the same per spectives on what the economic issues are, but differ on what causes them and how to best resolve them Stockholm SchoolThe Stockholm School rose to prominence at about the same time that Keynes published his General Theory and shared a common concern in business cycles and unemployment. The second generation of Swedish economists also advocated government intervention through spending during economic downturns although opinions are divided over whether they conceived the shopping center of Keyness theory before he did. Monetarism There was debate between Monetarists and Keynesians in the 1960s over the role of government in stabilizing the economy.Both Monetarists and Keynesians are in agreement over the fact that issues such as business cycles, unemployment, inflation are caused by inadequate demand, and need to be addressed, but they had fundamentally different perspectives on the capacity of the economy to find its own equilibrium and as a consequence the degree of government in tervention that is required to create equilibrium. Keynesians emphasized the use of discretionary fiscal policy and monetary policy, while monetarists argued the primacy of monetary policy, and that it should be rules-based The debate was largely resolved in the 1980s.Since then, economists have largely concur that central banks should bear the primary responsibility for stabilizing the economy, and that monetary policy should largely follow the Taylor rule which many economists credit with the Great Moderation. The Global pecuniary Crisis, however, has convinced many economists and governments of the need for fiscal interventions and highlighted the difficulty in stimulating economies through monetary policy alone during a liquidity trap. Criticisms Austrian School criticisms Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek disagreed with some of Keynes views.Journalist and Austrian publicist Henry Hazlitt, wrote a detailed criticism of Keyness General Theory in The Failure of the New Economi cs. crowd M. Buchanan and Richard E. Wagner pile M. Buchanan and Richard E. Wagner, writing Democracy in Deficit The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes and The Consequences of Mr. Keynes with John Burton, criticize Keynesian economics. According to them, The implicit assumption underlying the Keynesian fiscal revolution was that economic policy would be made by wise men, acting without regard to political pressures or opportunities, and guided by disinterested economic technocrats.They insisted that the fundamental flaw of Keynesian economics was the unrealistic assumption about political, bureaucratic and electoral demeanour. Some economists such as James Tobin and Robert Barro commented about the thesis. They replied these comments New Classical Macroeconomics criticisms Another influential school of thought was based on the Lucas critique of Keynesian economics. This called for greater consistency with microeconomic theory and rationality, and in particular emphasized the idea of rational expectations.Lucas and others argued that Keynesian economics required remarkably foolish and short-sighted behavior from people, which totally contradicted the economic understanding of their behavior at a micro level. New classical economics introduced a set of macroeconomic theories that were based on optimising microeconomic behavior. These models have been developed into the factual Business Cycle Theory, which argues that business cycle fluctuations can to a large extent be accounted for by real (in contrast to nominal) shocks.Beginning in the late 1950s new classical macroeconomists began to disagree with the methodology employed by Keynes and his successors. Keynesians emphasized the dependence of consumption on disposable income and, also, of investment on current profits and current cash flow. In addition, Keynesians posited a Phillips curve that tied nominal wage inflation to unemployment rate. To support these theories, Keynesians typically traced the logical foundations of their model (using introspection) and supported their assumptions with statistical evidence.New classical theorists demanded that macroeconomics be groundedon the same foundations as microeconomic theory, profit-maximizing firms and rational, utility-maximizing consumers The result of this shift in methodology produced several important divergences from Keynesian Macroeconomics 1. freedom of Consumption and current Income (life-cycle permanent income hypothesis) 2. Irrelevance of Current Profits to Investment (Modigliani-Miller theorem) 3. Long run independence of inflation and unemployment (natural rate of unemployment) 4. The inability of monetary policy to stabilize output (rational expectations) 5. Irrelevance of Taxes and Budget Deficits to Consumption (Ricardian Equivalence)

Adolescence is the period Essay

Adolescence is the period of transition from churlhood to adulthood, which is between 13 to 20 years of age. The term adolescent refers to the arraignment of psychological maturity. Puberty, on the different hand, refer to the defend wherein adolescents become physically and biologically ready for reproduction. Most people refer to this stage as a period that is highly trying and volatile although striplings nowadays successfully meet these challenges. Every individual is born into a family with several generations of cultural traditions, norms and social patters.They belong to a specific family, cannonball along and community with its accept language and religion. The social setting with which the child is brought up may sire an effect on his growth and maturation, including his ability to think, his emotions as fountainhead as the behavior he exhibits. Children fundamentally shape through the adults modeling and instructions. Social settings include the childs home, the school, the community at large, as well as religious organizations. Positive relationships with family members serve to protect individuals from the risk of negative behaviors.These relationships provide as secure and fundamental base for which individuals learn to grow and develop positively. The family exerts a consider equal influence on shaping the individuals concept of self and his come forthlook towards those outside the family. The family serves as role models so that the child learns which behaviors are socially acceptable, the enhancement of relationship skills as well as maintaining effective communication patterns. In addition, conflicts within the family that are effectively resolved are also important since the child will be using these as the basis during his dealings with those outside the familySee more Beowulf essay essay fit in to Piaget, changes occurring inside the individuals mind as well as his broadening exposure to various social settings allow the adoles cent to achieve the highest aim in terms of intellectual development, which is known as formal operations. The adolescent develops the ability to determine possibilities, rank possibilities, solve problems and make decisions through logical operations. The teenager has the ability for abstract thought and is able to effectively answer questions or problems that may be hypothetical in nature.Adolescents have the capacity to reason with honour to possibilities and new cognitive powers allow the adolescent to do more far-reaching problem solving including their future and that of former(a)s. Although adolescents have the capacity to think as well as an adult, they lack experiences on which to build their decisions which may also result in conflicts between teens and their parents. Piaget acknowledged that biological maturation plays a role in this developmental theory but believed that rates of development depend upon the intellectual stimulation and challenge in the childs environme nt.An adolescent may perform at different levels in different situations based on past experiences, formal education, and motivation in the use of logic and effective deductive reasoning. Erik Erikson established the psychosocial development of human beings that consists of eight stages starting from infancy until the late adult stage. During each stage of psychosocial development, the individual is confronted with several challenges that he must master and be able to successfully master the conflicts within each stage as the inability to do so would result to future problems.The major task of adolescent psychosocial development according to Erikson is the search for personal identity. Teenagers may become isolated socially during their inability to establish close relationships within their social environment. The primary danger of this stage is identity versus role confusion. Adolescents work at becoming socially independent from their parents while retaining family ties. Furtherm ore, they need to develop their own ethical systems based on their own personal values and principles.Choices, especially regarding lifestyle, vocation and future education must be made by the adolescent. Indecisiveness and the inability to make an occupational select are behaviors indicating negative resolution of the developmental task at hand. According to Kohlbergs Moral Developmental Theory, adolescents are at the Post Conventional take aim wherein individuals find a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations in this level. Individuals move away from moral decisions based on authority or conformity to groups to define their own moral values and principles.Individuals at this stage start to look at what an ideal society would be like. Under this Level, are 2 stages namely Social Contract Orientation and Universal Ethical Principle Orientation. Under social contract orientation, an individual may follow societal law but he recognizes t he possibility of changing the law to improve society. The individual may also recognize that different societal groups may have differing views as well as values although they may be in agreement on several fundamental concepts such liberty and life.On the other hand, the universal ethical principle orientation defines the right by decision of conscience with self chosen ethical principles. Kohlberg himself questioned this stage because he found out that very few subjects reasoned at this stage and thus termed it a theoretical stage.ReferencesBehrman, R. , Kiegman, R. and H. Jenson. Nelson textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia WB Saunders, 2000. Bukatko, D. , and M. Daehler. Child development, a thematic approach. 4th ed..Boston Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Edelman, C. , and C. Mandle. wellness promotion throughout the Life Span. 5th ed.. St. Louis Mosby, 2002. Hockenberry , M. J. Wongs nursing care of infants and children. 7th ed. St. Louis Mosby, 2003 Howe, D. , Brandon, M. , Hinings, D. and Schofield (1999). Attachment Theory, Child Maltreatment and Family Support. A Practice and Assessment Model. Palgrave Houndmlls, Basingstoke, Hampshire and sensitive York. Kohlberg, L.. Review of child development research. Hoffman, ML. 1964.

Racial Profiling

This paper is going to limited review fresh studies on racial profile and critiques legion(predicate) of their methods. I will be utilise the conflict theory to review a number of ship canal that may explain racial disparities in the rates of crimes. Also I will be using conflict theory to review how it affects heap in society. It addresses the major problem of inconsistency that constitutes in society today. racial profiling in America is where those in authority theatrical role track down factor when nail citizens. racial profiling occurs when the law target someone for investigation on the basis of that mortals backwash, origin, or heathenity.It has led police agencies across the world to start assembling selective information close to transaction and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this is that all assumptions be race based. superstar ex axerophtholle of this research states that police face the use of race to make decisions during trading and ped estrian stops. The public is concerned that these decisions reflect racial prejudice, and racism. Many researchers continue to defend theses profiles, saying that they are based of entire facts (Hersezenhorn, 2000 Kennedy, 1997 Taylor amp Whitney, 1999).Other experts have well-tried the accuracy of these profiles, and still have argued that even if accurate, all decisions based off race is inappropriate (Harris, 1997, 1999a Kennedy, 1997). in that respect are twain meanings to racial profiling. Hard racial profiling uses race as the yet factor. E. g. an officer square offs a black person and pulls him over for a search and pat-down. wooly racial profiling is using race as one factor among others in criminal suspiciousness. E. g. a report says that a Jamaican drug cleric is operate a Jeep, so troopers pull over black males who are speeding in Jeeps.even though the driver was speeding, the reason the officer pulled him over kind of of the other cars, was due to his race. Mi norities are usually the ones affected by racial profiling. According to the public, the war on drugs immediately became a war on minorities. There is secernate for racial profiling. One is anecdotal, which is a limited value. The other is statistical, which research is entirely worthless. Any evaluation of the evidence for the use of race profiling in policing moldiness keep the contexts distinct. Today, scramble color makes you a suspect in America. You are more likely to be topped, searched, be arrested or imprisoned. Racial profiling does non only exist in crime but in our society. People are segregated by race and ethnicity. A certain race may think that they are wealthier than others. They excessively moot that they have more power and education than other races. This creates a conflict between different races and ethnic groups. layer rank also conflicts when it comes to racial profiling. Upper class ideally has more power than spunk and lower class. Thus, resulting in a group conflict. pooh-pooh and middle class expect equal protection and power.Whites are usually in the higher rank, and blacks are in lower ranks. Stereotypes also fall into the sept of racial profiling. When we see someone who is black we automatically admit they are African. When we see someone who is Hispanic we automatically assume their Spanish. When we see an Asian person we automatically assume their Chinese, and when we see a lily-white person we assume their American. Its the little things like this that are considered racial profiling. Most of us gullt think that its bad but someone could take it offensively. Another way we use racial profiling is when we meet plurality.When you see a decent dressed white male you assume hes wealthy and intelligent. When you meet a black male, who is not dressed as nicely, you assume hes a thug, or has dropped out of school. The saying Dont judge a book by its cover not only plant life for books but for people as well. The labo r laws state that no one should be turned down for a job due to disabilities or their age. Shouldnt this be the kindred with race, ethnic, and skin color? In conclusion racial profiling still exists in the United States because we allow it too. It must be stopped, forrader crimes go up.We should not make decisions off skin color or ethnic backgrounds. Weve come a long way and everyone should be seen as equals. Even though racial profiling exists in crimes and police stops, we should make an essay to change this. There are other ways to go about devising an arrest or sentencing someone to jail. Skin color, ethnic background, and religion should not be factors when deciding to arrest or pull someone over. I believe that if we make an effort to let everyone know that racial profiling is still happening today we can make a difference to hamper it.References robin Shepard Engel, Jennifer M Calnon, doubting Thomas J Bernard. Justice Quarterly JQ. Highland Heights Jun 2002. Vol. 19, I ss. 2 pg. 249, 25 pgs Katy Hurst (2008). http//www. mightystudents. com/essay/conflict. theory. explain. 70034 Heather Mac Donald (Spring 2001). The Myth of Racial pen http//www. city-journal. org/hypertext markup language/11_2_the_myth. html John Reitzel, Alex R. Piquero. Does It Exist? Studying Citizens Attitudes of Racial indite http//pqx. sagepub. com/content/9/2/161. abstractRacial ProfilingThis paper is going to review recent studies on racial profiling and critiques many of their methods. I will be using the conflict theory to review a number of ways that may explain racial disparities in the rates of crimes. Also I will be using conflict theory to review how it affects people in society. It addresses the major problem of inequality that exists in society today. Racial profiling in America is where those in authority use race factor when arresting citizens. Racial profiling occurs when the police target someone for investigation on the basis of that persons race, origin, or ethnicity.It has led police agencies across the world to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this is that all assumptions are race based. One example of this research states that police face the use of race to make decisions during traffic and pedestrian stops. The public is concerned that these decisions reflect racial prejudice, and racism. Many researchers continue to defend theses profiles, saying that they are based of accurate facts (Hersezenhorn, 2000 Kennedy, 1997 Taylor amp Whitney, 1999).Other experts have tested the accuracy of these profiles, and still have argued that even if accurate, all decisions based off race is inappropriate (Harris, 1997, 1999a Kennedy, 1997). There are two meanings to racial profiling. Hard racial profiling uses race as the only factor. E. g. an officer sees a black person and pulls him over for a search and pat-down. Soft racial profiling is using race as one factor among others in criminal sus piciousness. E. g. a report says that a Jamaican drug lord is driving a Jeep, so troopers pull over black males who are speeding in Jeeps.Even though the driver was speeding, the reason the officer pulled him over instead of the other cars, was due to his race. Minorities are usually the ones affected by racial profiling. According to the public, the war on drugs immediately became a war on minorities. There is evidence for racial profiling. One is anecdotal, which is a limited value. The other is statistical, which research is entirely worthless. Any evaluation of the evidence for the use of race profiling in policing must keep the contexts distinct. Today, skin color makes you a suspect in America. You are more likely to be topped, searched, be arrested or imprisoned. Racial profiling does not only exist in crime but in our society. People are segregated by race and ethnicity. A certain race may think that they are wealthier than others. They also believe that they have more power and education than other races. This creates a conflict between different races and ethnic groups. Class rank also conflicts when it comes to racial profiling. Upper class ideally has more power than middle and lower class. Thus, resulting in a group conflict. Lower and middle class want equal protection and power.Whites are usually in the higher rank, and blacks are in lower ranks. Stereotypes also fall into the category of racial profiling. When we see someone who is black we automatically assume they are African. When we see someone who is Hispanic we automatically assume their Spanish. When we see an Asian person we automatically assume their Chinese, and when we see a white person we assume their American. Its the little things like this that are considered racial profiling. Most of us dont think that its bad but someone could take it offensively. Another way we use racial profiling is when we meet people.When you see a nice dressed white male you assume hes wealthy and intell igent. When you meet a black male, who is not dressed as nicely, you assume hes a thug, or has dropped out of school. The saying Dont judge a book by its cover not only works for books but for people as well. The labor laws state that no one should be turned down for a job due to disabilities or their age. Shouldnt this be the same with race, ethnic, and skin color? In conclusion racial profiling still exists in the United States because we allow it too. It must be stopped, before crimes go up.We should not make decisions off skin color or ethnic backgrounds. Weve come a long way and everyone should be seen as equals. Even though racial profiling exists in crimes and police stops, we should make an effort to change this. There are other ways to go about making an arrest or sentencing someone to jail. Skin color, ethnic background, and religion should not be factors when deciding to arrest or pull someone over. I believe that if we make an effort to let everyone know that racial prof iling is still happening today we can make a difference to prevent it.References Robin Shepard Engel, Jennifer M Calnon, Thomas J Bernard. Justice Quarterly JQ. Highland Heights Jun 2002. Vol. 19, Iss. 2 pg. 249, 25 pgs Katy Hurst (2008). http//www. mightystudents. com/essay/conflict. theory. explain. 70034 Heather Mac Donald (Spring 2001). The Myth of Racial Profiling http//www. city-journal. org/html/11_2_the_myth. html John Reitzel, Alex R. Piquero. Does It Exist? Studying Citizens Attitudes of Racial Profiling http//pqx. sagepub. com/content/9/2/161. abstractRacial ProfilingRacial Profiling Racial profiling has been around for hundreds of years and its still around, but not as bad as it use to be. Racial profiling is wrong for many different reasons and here is why. For example, racial profiling is wrong because you cant judge somebody just because their skin color isnt white. Police officers were often pulling over people of color just for the fun of it. It was humiliating to t he people because it made them feel like they were nothing more than a piece of garbage. The police officers didnt take colored people seriously and just did what they wanted. They asked permission to search the car and when he refused they searched it anyway clearly states that the police had no respect for colored people and their feelings. Furthermore, racial profiling is wrong because it really does not matter what color skin you have, you can still be a good person at heart. just about everybody is innocent, and virtually everybody is not white is a true statement because its not just black and hispanic people who are in gangs, rob stores, luxate cars etc.. its white people to.It makes people feel sad and unloved, and sometimes pushes them to a point to where they want to commit suicide. Also, it starts fights and arguments and if it goes to far, you end up getting arrested. In reality, everybody makes mistakes. tout ensemble in all, I feel racial profiling is wrong because if you think about it enough and try and understand what it feels like to be constantly peeved and humiliated, you wouldnt like it either. Hopefully in the future, people stop being racist and just know everybody is human and everybody has feelings.Racial ProfilingThis paper is going to review recent studies on racial profiling and critiques many of their methods. I will be using the conflict theory to review a number of ways that may explain racial disparities in the rates of crimes. Also I will be using conflict theory to review how it affects people in society. It addresses the major problem of inequality that exists in society today. Racial profiling in America is where those in authority use race factor when arresting citizens. Racial profiling occurs when the police target someone for investigation on the basis of that persons race, origin, or ethnicity.It has led police agencies across the world to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controve rsy over this is that all assumptions are race based. One example of this research states that police face the use of race to make decisions during traffic and pedestrian stops. The public is concerned that these decisions reflect racial prejudice, and racism. Many researchers continue to defend theses profiles, saying that they are based of accurate facts (Hersezenhorn, 2000 Kennedy, 1997 Taylor amp Whitney, 1999).Other experts have tested the accuracy of these profiles, and still have argued that even if accurate, all decisions based off race is inappropriate (Harris, 1997, 1999a Kennedy, 1997). There are two meanings to racial profiling. Hard racial profiling uses race as the only factor. E. g. an officer sees a black person and pulls him over for a search and pat-down. Soft racial profiling is using race as one factor among others in criminal suspiciousness. E. g. a report says that a Jamaican drug lord is driving a Jeep, so troopers pull over black males who are speeding in Jee ps.Even though the driver was speeding, the reason the officer pulled him over instead of the other cars, was due to his race. Minorities are usually the ones affected by racial profiling. According to the public, the war on drugs immediately became a war on minorities. There is evidence for racial profiling. One is anecdotal, which is a limited value. The other is statistical, which research is entirely worthless. Any evaluation of the evidence for the use of race profiling in policing must keep the contexts distinct. Today, skin color makes you a suspect in America. You are more likely to be topped, searched, be arrested or imprisoned. Racial profiling does not only exist in crime but in our society. People are segregated by race and ethnicity. A certain race may think that they are wealthier than others. They also believe that they have more power and education than other races. This creates a conflict between different races and ethnic groups. Class rank also conflicts when it c omes to racial profiling. Upper class ideally has more power than middle and lower class. Thus, resulting in a group conflict. Lower and middle class want equal protection and power.Whites are usually in the higher rank, and blacks are in lower ranks. Stereotypes also fall into the category of racial profiling. When we see someone who is black we automatically assume they are African. When we see someone who is Hispanic we automatically assume their Spanish. When we see an Asian person we automatically assume their Chinese, and when we see a white person we assume their American. Its the little things like this that are considered racial profiling. Most of us dont think that its bad but someone could take it offensively. Another way we use racial profiling is when we meet people.When you see a nice dressed white male you assume hes wealthy and intelligent. When you meet a black male, who is not dressed as nicely, you assume hes a thug, or has dropped out of school. The saying Dont j udge a book by its cover not only works for books but for people as well. The labor laws state that no one should be turned down for a job due to disabilities or their age. Shouldnt this be the same with race, ethnic, and skin color? In conclusion racial profiling still exists in the United States because we allow it too. It must be stopped, before crimes go up.We should not make decisions off skin color or ethnic backgrounds. Weve come a long way and everyone should be seen as equals. Even though racial profiling exists in crimes and police stops, we should make an effort to change this. There are other ways to go about making an arrest or sentencing someone to jail. Skin color, ethnic background, and religion should not be factors when deciding to arrest or pull someone over. I believe that if we make an effort to let everyone know that racial profiling is still happening today we can make a difference to prevent it.References Robin Shepard Engel, Jennifer M Calnon, Thomas J Berna rd. Justice Quarterly JQ. Highland Heights Jun 2002. Vol. 19, Iss. 2 pg. 249, 25 pgs Katy Hurst (2008). http//www. mightystudents. com/essay/conflict. theory. explain. 70034 Heather Mac Donald (Spring 2001). The Myth of Racial Profiling http//www. city-journal. org/html/11_2_the_myth. html John Reitzel, Alex R. Piquero. Does It Exist? Studying Citizens Attitudes of Racial Profiling http//pqx. sagepub. com/content/9/2/161. abstract

Dante, Plato, Aristotle Essay

The assignment is poetry v. ism. Plato speaks of a quarrel b/t poetry and philosophy. He dismisses the arts while Aristotle defends them. DO we see traces of this quarrel in later traditions? If so, where? And how is it run intoed out there? For this essay, in addition to Plato and Aristotle, decoct on Dantes orchestra pit. (Please look to see if my thesis is clear and strong, my evidence is all relevant, and whether this whole essay persuades you) finished and throughout his life, Plato strongly believed that the arts and philosophy at present opposed each other.On the other hand, Aristotle defended poetry as an aid to philosophy. Dante, a philosophical poet, successfully synthesizes Plato and Aristotles views in the Divine Comedy of the Inferno without compromising either school of thought. He acknowledges the fact that while the arts have its uses within the fabric instauration and philosophy its uses in the spiritual, both need the other to be complete. Both Plato and Ar istotle agree that poetry brings about great emotion which has a lasting impact on the individual and society. However, they disagree on poetrys emotional effects.In Meno, Plato believes it results in harm while Aristotle argues that it leads to improvement in Poetics. Upon closer inspection, we see that Dantes Inferno contains a philosophical significance underlying its poetic style. Poetry and philosophy work towards the same end, but in different ways. There is no doubt that poetry is an imitation. What Aristotle and Plato challenge over is the source of that imitation. Plato strongly states that the arts are mimetic, twice removed from the truth. They are an imitation of the ideal entities in the realm of the forms, in which all things are perfect.For instance, tragedy presents multiple possibilities and situations rather than a single essence. In Meno, Platos Socrates discusses the difference between doxa and episteme. Poets, politicians and priests utilize doxa, a type of knowledge that is non talk terms through any understanding reasoning. This further demonstrates the composition of the material realm. Right look, or doxa, flees from the mind just as the materialistic body quickly perishes. Socrates says opinion is not worth much until it is fastened with reasoning of cause and effect (Plato 65). He is alluding to episteme, true knowledge that remains in the brain.This is consummate(a) through intellectual inquiry in the ideal realm. Throughout the dialogue, Menon insults Socrates by saying he looks like a stingray, alluding to a type of desensitiseing-drug. However, Menon proves to have misguided knowledge as Socrates shows how anamnesis occurs via the Socratic Method. Only when he experiences aporia, the state of confusion and realization of ones ignorance, can he reach true knowledge. The reference to the drug, pharmakon, symbolizes how Menon became numb to the false, material world in order to transition to the divine realm where all thi ngs originate.While Plato asserts that imitation comes from the true essence of things, Aristotle believes it has its roots in merciful action. In Poetics, he examines how humans have an instinct for imitation, harmony and rhythm. We often learn our earliest lessons from mimesis. Aristotle asserts that the only way to reach the ideal is through action. He views it as a horizontal developmental rather than a vertical one, as Plato did. By the process of energia, we move from potential to actuality. This is besides analogous to the sentiment of the material to the ideal. We come out of the cave and into the sun through our own activities.As the arts best represent action, tragedy contains knowledge because it presents psychological possibilities and planetary truths about ourselves. Each possible reality may be the ideal essence. Tragedy, after all, is an imitation of action and of life, not men. The stage externalizes whats within our somebodys. The actors play out the meaning of life which the audience can safely inspect without endangering themselves. This perspective is extremely human-centric compared to Platos divine ideal. For instance, tragedy contains plot that is action-centric and based on the structure of incidents.Unlike a story, a plots events can be resequenced in any fashion. This is like an experiment in which the stage is our lab. A plot can further more be split in two ways complex or simple. A complex plot contains peripeteia and anagnorisis. The latter, standardized to Platos Meno, shows the progression from ignorance to knowledge. Yet the characters on stage, even after making decisions, are still susceptible to Fortunes will. Thus peripeteia occurs, alluding to god and the divine realm we ultimately reach with the aid of anagnorisis. There are some things people cant control.However, what we do imitate and control are our actions within the material world. For Aristotle, action was the most significant aim to focus on. In Dantes Infer no, the poet Virgil guides Dante into Hell. Poetry begins to act as a gentler salve compared to philosophy. It is more relat equal to the human mind and physical world. Through catharsis, Dante must(prenominal) eliminate all emotional tumult to become enlightened. This process of catharsis is similar to the front from the material to spiritual realm. Paradiso, the highest realm, is where true intellect exists and where we become one with God.In the second canto, Dante demonstrates the wickedness of emotions and the materialistic realm when Virgil tells him Your soul has been assailed by cowardice, which often weighs so heavily on a man- distracting him from honorable trails- as phantoms frighten beasts when shadows fall. (lines 45-48) This is an extremely Platonian perspective. Partially right, Plato believed that tragedy produced cowardly leaders as it appealed to draw and quarterion rather than logic and reason. Through Virgil, Dante demonstrates how the arts, especially poet ry, are effective in cleansing the soul of emotion by experiencing or contemplating it.Much like the Socratic Method in Meno, Dante must become numb to false knowledge via catharsis and begin with a clean slate. He accomplishes this by observing the damned in the inferno. When he passes through aporia, only then will he become enlightened and obtain truth. The shadows are a reference to Augustines visio corporals, the cave of pure materiality, in which false knowledge resides. Dante says in canto one that man must come out of the shadowed forest (line 2) where he is so full of sleep (line 11).All this is accomplished through human action, represented through tragedy and poetry. Furthermore, Virgil symbolizes the coming emergence of Christian Rome through Dante. He has already taken Aeneas to the Underworld, setting up the entire story. Parallel to this, poetry lays the necessary foundation for the coming age of philosophy. Dante uses typology of the inferno to paradiso. Like the Heb rew Bible, the inferno remains incomplete and foreshadows whats to come. The cutting Testament completes the text, in the same way philosophy does to poetry. Each is interdependent on the other.In the Inferno, Dante fails to read the inscription to the Gateway to Hell, demonstrating how the archaic style of stress no longer resounds in the new age of foregrounding. This method brings to light how the mind reads and interprets with reason. Because the material realm is incomplete, Dante cannot move to this abstract, spiritual meaning without first leaving through the forest. In the third canto, Virgil describes to Dante how those in hell have lost the good of the intellect (line 18). The mind can never be fulfilled as it is a pure sensory experience.This is proven when Virgil is only able to guide Dante so far. He cannot take Dante beyond the material realm because he is not a Christian. He represents the arts, the non-metaphysical. A higher entity, Beatrice, will lead him to para diso. Virgil declares in canto one If you would then ascend as high as these / a soul more worthy than I am will guide you (lines 121-122). Likewise, we can think of poetry, represented by Virgil, as a disguise to philosophy, the eventual remedy of Beatrice. While philosophy speaks of a thing itself, poetry uses metaphors as a transition to reach a philosophical conclusion.It is a vehicle for truth in its own peculiar way, addressing our minds through imagination, sensibility and feelings. Dante can synthesize Plato and Aristotles views because they are working toward one common goal the divine, the cave of pure intellect. The mechanisms of philosophy are simply a more sophisticated turn on poetry. Traces of Plato are still seen in Dante, especially when he states in the fifth canto Those who change this torment are damned because they sinned subjecting reason to the rule of lust (lines 37-39).However, in tragedy, what seems irrational and absurd to the audience becomes permeated w ith reason as it speaks the universal truth about ourselves. The arts show there is something beyond human thought and action as the audience learn how we cannot control everything. There is something beyond this human, materialistic world that we cannot begin to understand. This is God, which is exactly what philosophy aims at. It speaks the truth, not only of human action, but of the being of the ultimate good. In this way, poetry consists of rational thought and intellect.Virgil tells Dante in canto viii Forget your fear, no one can hinder our passage One so great has granted it (lines 104-105). We are turning inward to our souls to reach the divine. This also speaks of Gods infinite and unexplainable power. God makes the impossible possible. Dante had to go down into the deepest level of hell to see the divine. This irony demonstrates catabasis and anagogy, the one single movement towards God. Furthermore, Cassius and Brutus foreshadow Judas betrayal. These three make up the m aterial inversion of the Holy Trinity. We are able to see God in Lucifer.This demonstrates the typology from the inferno to paradiso as hale as the process of recollection in Platos Meno and Aristotles Poetics. Just as Dante had to move through death to experience life, the reader must pass through poetry to obtain philosophy. All thinking about God involves moving from the material to the realm of the forms. The divine uses metaphors, our language, to help us understand. We are able to indirectly talk to God through poetry as He determines our fate. It was his will to send Dante into Hell. Like poetrys catharsis and philosophys pharmakon, Dante engages his mind as he journeys through the inferno.By looking and contemplating the suffering of the damned, he becomes reconciled to aspects of his life which would otherwise be nonsensical. Both the poet and philosopher seek the existence of God and of the metaphysical. Although Dante recognizes that the arts have limited utility, he rea lizes how poetry helps lay the foundation for philosophy through the Aristotelian and Platonian method. It has a cognitive function by helping to better appreciate and complete philosophy. As Venantius Fortunatus wrote in his hymn Vexilla Regis, by death did life procure. Likewise, by poetry did philosophy come about.